How to detect non-linking backlinks?

I don't know if I'm asking it correctly, as I'm not an SEO expert, but what I mean are cases when a website posts a backlink to my site but doesn't actually turn it into an <a> tag. For example, look at the references at the bottom of this article.

I'd like to know if there is a way to crawl the web to find such mentions? Also, is there a professional term for these that I'm not aware of?

Bonus question: does Google even index such mentions?

Sorry if these questions are ridiculous, I tried to Google them but I can't seem to find answers.